面對(duì)區(qū)塊鏈和虛擬貨幣的迅速發(fā)展，澳大利亞政府采取了審慎監(jiān)管與擁抱新生事物并重的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。對(duì)于這一新興趨勢(shì)，澳大利亞于2017年修改了其《反洗錢和反恐怖主義融資法》并加入對(duì)于數(shù)字貨幣AML/CTF的相關(guān)規(guī)定，澳大利亞交易報(bào)告和分析中心（Australian

Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre,

AUSTRAC)對(duì)于數(shù)字貨幣交易平臺(tái)的反洗錢和反恐怖主義融資義務(wù)做出一些列正式指引，澳大利亞證券與投資委員會(huì)（ASIC）下設(shè)創(chuàng)新中心（innovation

hub）來(lái)促進(jìn)監(jiān)管與金融科技的創(chuàng)新接軌，ASIC也發(fā)布了一些列關(guān)于代幣發(fā)行的指引。

我們?cè)诖藢?duì)于澳大利亞目前關(guān)于數(shù)字貨幣的監(jiān)管框架，從數(shù)字貨幣定義、數(shù)字貨幣發(fā)行和交易所的角度，做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介紹：

一、關(guān)于數(shù)字貨幣的法律定義

澳大利亞于2017年修改的《反洗錢和反恐怖主義融資法》（AntiMoney Laundering and CounterTerrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017）中加入了對(duì)數(shù)字貨幣的定義：

1.數(shù)字貨幣是數(shù)字形式的價(jià)值的代表 a digital representation of value that:

a.可作為交換的中介、價(jià)值的儲(chǔ)存或賬戶的單位 functions as a medium of exchange, a store of economic value, or a unit of account; and

b.由政府之外的機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)行 is not issued by or under the authority of a government body; and

c.可與法幣兌換并可用于作為對(duì)價(jià)換取商品或服務(wù) is interchangeable with money (including through the crediting of an account) and may be used as consideration for the supply of goods or services; and

d.一般公眾可以取得，且沒(méi)有任何使用方面的限制 is generally available to members of the public without any restriction on its use as consideration; or

2.或反洗錢/反恐怖主義融資法律所規(guī)定的其他交易手段、數(shù)字化程序或信貸手段。

a means of exchange or digital process or crediting declared to be

digital currency by the AML/CTF Rules:

3.或反洗錢/反恐怖主義融資法律所規(guī)定的其他交易手段、數(shù)字化程序或信貸手段。

a means of exchange or digital process or crediting declared to be

digital currency by the AML/CTF. Rules

二、數(shù)字貨幣發(fā)行的監(jiān)管

澳大利亞關(guān)于ICO的監(jiān)管主要在于判斷某一類數(shù)字貨幣是否為金融產(chǎn)品，如屬于金融產(chǎn)品應(yīng)按照金融產(chǎn)品的相關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行監(jiān)管，如果不屬于金融產(chǎn)品，應(yīng)按照消費(fèi)者保護(hù)的相關(guān)規(guī)定（Australian Consumer Law）和一般法律規(guī)定進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。

當(dāng)然，無(wú)論某一類數(shù)字貨幣是否屬于金融產(chǎn)品，其發(fā)行的過(guò)程中都不得有誤導(dǎo)性或欺騙性的行為，包括：

1.使用社交媒體擴(kuò)大公眾對(duì)于ICO的關(guān)注和興趣度 the use of social media to generate the appearance of a greater level of public interest in an ICO

2.從事或安排特定人員以特定策略來(lái)交易買賣虛擬貨幣或虛擬資產(chǎn)，以此來(lái)在表面上產(chǎn)生更大的交易量

undertaking or arranging for a group to engage in trading strategies to

generate the appearance of a greater level of buying and selling

activity for an ICO or a crypto-asset

3.未充分披露發(fā)行信息 failing to disclose adequate information about the ICO, or